Machine for augmentation, storage, and conservation of vehicle motive energy

ABSTRACT

A machine for addition of motive force to a vehicle, with rotor-plate, rotor-arms, rotor permanent magnets, stator-plate, stator columns, stator electromagnets, and battery, cell, or other energy storage device.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This invention is an continuation in part of U.S. patent application, “Machine for augmentation, storage, and conservation of vehicle motive energy,” by Charles Hampton Perry on Jan. 10, 2008 with reference number 0636(RPA1)TBR, which was based on provisional application Ser. No. 60/880,373 filed on Jan. 11, 2007.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not Applicable

DESCRIPTION OF ATTACHED APPENDIX

Not Applicable

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to the field of hybrid internal combustion-electric powered vehicles and more specifically to machine for augmentation, storage, and conservation of vehicle motive energy.

In the instant specification and claims, the process of installing or including electrical energy augmentation of an internal combustion powered vehicle is referred to as “hybridization”. Vehicles thusly augmented will be referred to as “hybridized.” Further, in the instant specification and claims, the terms “modify,” “sophistication,” and forms thereof exclude such simple and inexpensive processes as drilling holes in extant elements merely to provide anchor points to interface components or to bracket or attach elements to extant components or to run wires. Where used, the term “conventional” indicates an internal combustion engine or vehicle driven thereby.

In this document, the term motor-generator is used to describe a transducer that can function as either an electric motor or a generator, converting electrical power to or from mechanical power, the term transducer describing any device that converts one type of energy to another type of energy.

It has long been known that internal combustion engines operate most efficiently within a narrow range of powers or speeds. However, in normal use, an automobile must climb and descend hills, stop and start, accelerate and brake, or cruise at high speeds on highways. These impose a wide range of power and speed demands on the power plant.

Thus, the internal combustion engine powering such a vehicle often will not be operating within its most efficient parameters. In fact, in the severe stop-and-go situations in which most driving is accomplished, its efficiency is generally quite low. Therefore, alternate drive systems and power sources to increase efficiency are increasingly sought.

One such effective system, popularly known as a “hybrid,” involves combining an electric motor with an internal combustion engine in such a manner as to allow back-and-forth power augmentation and trade-off, permitting the more efficient and effective of the two to provide propulsion within its best operating range as speed and power demands are made and relaxed.

This permits, for example, the electric motor to augment the internal combustion engine to prevent it from having to operate above its preferred power level. In example, when the vehicle must accelerate from a stop to particular speed, the electric motor, which characteristically provides high torque, even at low speeds, is engaged to such degree that the internal combustion engine need not exceed its optimal power output. Also, while at cruise speeds, when acceleration is required, the internal combustion engine may continue to run at its preferred power level while the electric motor adds the required extra power.

The hybrid may also comprise means to convert the electric motor to an electric energy generator when the vehicle is braking or traveling downhill. Employed thus, momentum of the vehicle, and, indirectly, energy from the internal combustion engine, may be used to recharge the battery, cell, or other energy storage device, thereby literally recycling energy that would otherwise be lost.

The hybrid may also have a means to recharge the battery, cell, or other energy storage device by plugging it into an electric power grid. Most recharging could be done at night, during non-peak power demand hours thusly using cheaper, low demand electricity.

In addition, many other benefits, both economic and ecological, well known to those well versed in the art, may accrue due to hybridization of motor vehicles. However, up until now, the high cost to end users of implementing this art has prevented wide scale adoption.

Typically, a hybrid vehicle is designed and manufactured, as a new vehicle from the very beginning, because its manufacture requires inclusion of additional elements. Because the traditional elements of exclusively internal combustion vehicles configurations must be redesigned and specially manufactured to accommodate the additional hybridizing elements, economy of scale may not be achieved.

Further, even if a new hybrid vehicle could be brought to end users at a competitive price, market penetration would be very slow due to the hundreds of millions of conventional vehicles already on the road world-wide, the abandonment of which could not be effected without serious economic disadvantage.

With this in mind, various previous technologies have been proposed to convert extant gasoline powered vehicles to hybrid electrical units. The envisioned solutions typically require placement of one or more electric motors in mechanical communication with the wheels of a given vehicle. These motors are generally tied to an electrical storage battery and a controller similar to the one used in new design-built hybrid vehicles. Such solutions, however, continue to pose significant cost obstacles. The greatest challenge they present is to design an affordable and efficient method for installing the electric motor drive without also re-designing and replacing vast numbers of components already in use.

Typically, the proposed means of meeting this challenge requires replacement or substantial modification of the existing wheel structure, including the wheel bearings and brakes. Because of this replacement, other engineering issues and obstacles arise, such as the location, design and coordination of the electric motors as well as the addition of significant un-sprung (and therefore, excess) weight to the suspension system. These expenses multiply quickly and become cost prohibitive.

The invention taught herein provides means of avoiding this expense, thereby bringing the costs within economically viable parameters. Conversion of present internal combustion powered automobiles to internal combustion/electric hybrids becomes a practical option.

Disclosed herein is a wheel hub motor technology to power vehicles of two, three, or four-wheeled design. In the preferred embodiment, the wheel hub motor is integrated into the structure of existing axle/hub/spindle/brake assemblies. Where previous technologies predominantly employ wheel hub and electric motor configurations that require significant modification and re-design of the associated wheel and hub assemblies to incorporate components such as bearings, axle, and brakes, the herein taught art exploits the existing axle, bearings, brake structure of the associated vehicle, adding the wheel hub motor capability essentially without modifying the existing wheel structure.

The advantages of this approach include: lower cost, simplicity of retrofit, and maintenance simplicity on the electric motor and on the existing brake, bearings and wheel structure. The retrofit addition of easily integrated hybrid components such as battery pack, control electronics, electric motor, and wiring allows “plug-and-go” hybrid conversion for most automobiles.

Preferred embodiments incorporate a rotor and stator. These are constructed of corrosion resistant materials that prevent exposure to normal operating conditions from degrading performance. Reliability of vehicle bearings and brakes is unaffected by the addition of this wheel-hub motor stator and rotor.

This wheel hub motor system presents conveniently few obstacles to routine conventional maintenance requirements. For example, when maintenance to the rear brake assembly is required, the tire/wheel is removed in the normal manner and the rotor is similarly removed from the lug-bolts. Since the stator-plate is located behind the brake spindle assembly, it does not affect the repair procedure.

The rotor and stator assemblies are mechanically simple components that could be produced at low cost in high volume production. System and installation expenses are also avoided because the load bearing and braking function of the wheel as designed by the automotive designer is not changed. Thus this invention largely overcomes the challenge of adding electric motor hybrid power to an existing vehicle without extensive mechanical modification and without significant negative impact on cost, performance, reliability, or maintenance.

Generally speaking, the specified brushless direct current or DC motor design employed offers several advantages. A brushless motor normally has permanent magnets which rotate and a stationary electromagnet. This eliminates significant difficulties that would otherwise result from the necessity of connecting current (via a brush/commutator) to a moving armature. An electronic controller replaces, and performs the same function as, a brush/commutator in a brushed DC motor. This function is the activation of continuous phase switching in the windings, thus keeping the motor in motion.

Other advantages are that brushless DC motors generally offer more torque per unit of weight, improved efficiency and reliability, low maintenance requirements, reduced noise, longer lifetime (largely due to the existence of no brush/commutator to wear out), elimination of brush/commutator sparks, and, accordingly, less overall electromagnetic interference (EMI). Finally, brushless DC motors characteristically exhibit particularly high efficiency in conversion of electricity into mechanical power, particularly under low-load conditions.

A challenge posed in brushless motor design is the fact that a controller must direct and/or detect rotation of the rotor. This requires a means of determining the rotor's orientation/position relative to the stator coils. Known technologies may use Hall effect sensors or encoders to directly measure the rotor's position. Such technologies are well established, and therefore require no other specific details, herein.

Other methods measure electromotive force in the undriven coils to infer the rotor position, thereby eliminating any need for separate Hall effect sensors. Such systems are often called, although somewhat erroneously, sensorless controllers. Such sensorless controllers may face difficulties in starting from a full-stop condition, because with no motion, there is no electromotive force to be measured in the undriven coils.

In any case, the controller, employing a logic circuit, regulates high-current DC power. In a more primitive form, a controller may employ comparators to merely determine when, to advance an output phase. More technically sophisticated controllers may exploit a microcontroller to manage acceleration, to precisely control speed and to fine-tune efficiency.

One mention-worthy potential disadvantage in some brushless designs is that, although the maximum electrical power that can be applied to a brushless DC motor is notably high, it can be subject to significant thermal limitations. Heat, particularly in the case of rare earth magnets, can quickly cause permanent degradation of magnetic qualities. This can pose notable cooling demands.

Inherently in the design of the technology taught herein, this challenge is largely overcome. High volumes of cooling air constantly pass through the device while its associated vehicle is in motion. Thus, copious heat exchange is naturally available to drain off thermal energy. As a rule of thumb, the more power demanded, the more speed is initially produced, and the more cooling air is forced through as a result of the increased speed. Once cruise speed is reached, power demands reduce, but cooling air-flow continues at a high rate.

To direct the description with greater specificity and to address and compare earlier technologies, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,165,795 by Lynch et al. and 4,335,429 by Kawakatsu disclose hybrid drive systems for automobiles wherein an internal combustion engine is augmented by a battery powered electric motor. Both patents teach electric motors and internal combustion engines communicating with common drive shafts. In addition, the electric motors taught by Lynch et al., and Kawakatsu comprise housings, shafts, armatures, and bearings intrinsic to said motors.

In contrast to Lynch et al. and Kawakatsu, the instant art teaches an electric motor fitted on and within an internal combustion powered automobile but not in physical communication with the drive shaft served by the internal combustion engine. The instant art, instead, exploits other non-modified elements normally present in an internal combustion powered vehicle, using these elements to mount or serve as armature, shaft, housing, and bearings.

In further contrast, the instant art teaches a stator and a rotor being held in operative magnetic communication with each other by connective devices which also hold in operable position un-modified original components of an internal combustion vehicle. Thus, the stator and rotor may be added or removed essentially without displacing or otherwise affecting the vehicle's conventional drive system.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,714,854 by Oudet and the monograph, Optimal Design and Control of Axial-Flux Brushless DC Wheel-motor For Electric Vehicles, by Y. P. Yang et al. teach electric motors suitable for hybrid electric and internal combustion powered vehicles. Said motors comprise armatures, shafts, housings, and bearings normally intrinsic to such motors. Thus, these motors may function independently of any other elements of an associated vehicle.

In contrast to Oudet and Yang et al., the instant art exploits non-modified elements normally present in an internal combustion engine powered vehicle to mount, contain, or serve as portions of armature(s), shaft(s), housing(s), and bearings. In further contrast, the instant art teaches a stator and a rotor being held in operative magnetic communication by connective devices which also hold in operable communication un-modified elements normally included in or comprising a conventional vehicle.

Because the instant art incorporates components of an associated vehicle, it may not function independently of the associated vehicle. However, the instant art may be installed on, or removed from a vehicle without requiring replacement parts for, or affecting or disabling the vehicle on which it is or was installed. Simply by disengaging the connective devices and mounts, the elements may be disassociated from the vehicle and the rotor and/or stator may be disassociated from each other. In fact, by simply disconnecting electrical circuits, the associated vehicle may return to function in a purely internal combustion mode, the electrical components remaining in place.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,438,228 by Couture et al.; 5,600,191 by Yang; 6,768,932 B2 by Claypole et al.; 2,514,460 by Tucker; and 5,157,295 by Stefansky et al. disclose in-hub wheel-motors that require specially designed hub elements to support the in-hub wheel-motors and to transfer force from the in-hub motors to the wheels.

In contrast to Couture et al., Yang, Claypole et al., Tucker, and Stefansky, the instant art requires no specially designed or modified vehicle elements to communicate force from a motor to a wheel. Instead it communicates with the un-modified wheel and wheel support elements normally present in a conventional vehicle.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The primary object of the invention is provide low cost addition of electric power augmentation to an internal combustion engine powered vehicle while requiring little or no modification of existing vehicle components.

Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following descriptions, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein, by way of illustration and example, an embodiment of the present invention is disclosed.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, there is disclosed a retro-fittable apparatus for adding electrical motive force to a vehicle using a brushless DC motor, control logic, and electrical energy storage device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawings constitute a part of this specification and include exemplary embodiments to the invention, which may be embodied in various forms. It is to be understood that in some instances various aspects of the invention may be shown exaggerated or enlarged to facilitate an understanding of the invention.

FIG. 1 is a schematic of a typical electric drive system.

FIG. 2 is an exploded side view of a hub-mounted wheel-motor with some parts in cross-section.

FIG. 2A is a non-exploded side view of the FIG. 2 hub-mounted wheel-motor with some parts in cross-section.

FIG. 3A is a non-exploded side view of a hub-mounted wheel-motor with some parts in cross-section.

FIG. 3B is a side view of a hub-mounted wheel-motor with some parts in cross-section.

FIG. 4 is a top view of a basket rotor.

FIG. 5 is a side view of a basket rotor.

FIG. 6 is a bottom view of a stator.

FIG. 7 is a side view of a stator.

FIG. 8 is a view of alternate dispositions of elements of the hub-mounted wheel-motor.

FIG. 9 is a, exploded ¾ view of an alternate embodiment of the hub-mounted wheel-motor.

FIG. 10 is an exploded side view of an embodiment of the hub-mounted wheel-motor.

FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional side view of an embodiment of the hub-mounted wheel-motor.

FIG. 12 is an exploded ¾ view of the hub-mounted wheel-motor.

FIG. 13 is an assembled side view of the hub-mounted wheel-motor.

FIG. 14 is a side exploded view of the manner of mounting the hub-mounted wheel-motor, with tire.

FIG. 15 is a ¾ exploded view of the manner of mounting the hub-mounted wheel-motor, with tire.

FIG. 20 is an exploded ¾ view of the brake drum and magnet ring.

FIG. 20A is an assembled ¾ view of the brake drum and magnet ring.

FIG. 20B is an assembled ¾ view of the brake drum, magnet ring, and stator.

FIG. 30 is ¾ view of a non-ferrous semi-alloy metallic rotor.

FIG. 30A is ¾ view of a non-ferrous semi-alloy metallic rotor with neodymium magnets.

FIG. 30B is a ¾ view of a non-ferrous semi-alloy metallic rotor with neodymium magnets, plus brake caliper and pads, having with two magnets removed for illustration.

FIG. 30C is a ¾ view of a non-ferrous semi-alloy metallic rotor with neodymium magnets, plus brake caliper, brake pads, and stator.

FIG. 30D is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a portion of a brake rotor/disk with magnet embedded.

FIG. 40 is an exploded ¾ view of a control-arm spindle, brake drum and slip-on rotor.

FIG. 40A is an assembled ¾ view of a control-arm spindle, brake drum and slip-on rotor.

FIG. 40B is an assembled ¾ view of a control-arm spindle, stator, and drum.

FIG. 40C is an assembled ¾ view of a control-arm spindle, brake drum, slip-on rotor, and stator.

FIG. 40D is an assembled ¾ view of a rotor and stator with mounting hardware.

FIG. 40E is an exploded ¾ view of a stator, backing-plate, brake drum, and slip-on rotor.

FIG. 40F is an exploded 3/4, back view of a slip-on rotor, magnetic flux ring, magnet-holding ring, brake-drum, caliper, and stator.

FIG. 41 is a side view of mounting hardware.

FIG. 41A is a side view of mounting hardware.

FIG. 41B is a side view of mounting hardware in communication.

FIG. 41C is a side view of mounting hardware in communication.

FIG. 42 is a side view of mounting hardware in operative configuration.

FIG. 42A is a side view of mounting hardware in operative configuration.

FIG. 42B is a side view of mounting hardware in operative configuration.

FIG. 42C is a side view of mounting hardware in operative configuration.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS List of Numbered Components

-   110 Electric drive system -   115 Electric motor -   117 Sensor-module -   119 Logic/control module -   121 Battery, cell, or other energy storage device -   123 Interface of engine-load-level-sensor and logic/control module -   125 Interface of logic/control module and battery, cell, or other     energy storage device -   127 Interface of battery, cell, or other energy storage device, and     electric motor -   128 Interface of electric motor and logic/control module -   129 Engine-load-level-sensor -   131 Non-movable axle support -   133 Drive-Axle -   134 Spindle Assembly -   135 Non-rotating hub-portion -   137 Rotating hub-portion -   139 Stud-bolts -   140 Lug nut -   141 Rotor-plate -   142 Rotor-plate central void -   143 Rotor-plate holes -   144 Rotor-arm -   145 Rotor permanent magnet -   147 Hub-bolt -   149 Non-movable hub-plate -   151 Electromagnet -   153 Slot -   155 Stator-plate -   157 Stator-plate hole -   159 Stator-arm -   161 Stator-ring -   163 Hub-mounted wheel-motor -   165 Wheel-support-hub or drum -   167 Rotor -   169 Stator -   175 Stator-plate central void -   177 Stator-ring aperture -   179 Plate-mounted-support pin -   181 Tire -   183 Wheel-rim and hub -   190 Electric motor -   192 Lug-bolt hole -   201 Stator -   202 Stator wound with electric motor wire -   209 Stator-poles -   211 Typical drum -   212 Ferromagnetic ring -   212A Magnets -   212B Exterior surfaces of the permanent magnets -   214 Drum exterior periphery -   301 Stator -   304 Magnets -   304A Surfaces of each magnet -   308 Un-modified brake rotor/disk -   308A Reverse side of rotor -   308B Obverse side of rotor -   309A Electromagnets -   309 Stator-poles -   312 Permanent magnets -   313 Caliper -   314 Disc-pads -   320 Magnet mounting-holes -   321 Edges of magnet mounting-holes -   322 Chamfer -   330 Stator electromagnets -   401 Stator -   402 Backing-plate -   403 Lower control-arm spindle -   404 Magnets -   405 Mounting-hardware-adjusting-sleeve -   405A Mounting-hardware-adjusting-sleeve threaded bore -   406 Mounting-head-bolt -   406A Mounting-head-bolt head -   406B Mounting-head-bolt threads -   406C Mounting-head-bolt threaded bore -   407 Gap-adjusting-bolt having threads -   407A Connective bolt having threads -   407B Shim or washer -   408 Slip-on rotor -   409 Stator-poles -   410 Wheel-mounting-studs -   410A Mounting-holes -   411 Brake-drum -   412 Magnetic-flux-ferromagnetic-ring -   413 Magnet-holding-ring -   414 Backing-plate axle hole -   415 Brake-drum rotatable element -   416 Brake-drum stationary element -   420 Magnet-mounting-hole

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Narrative

Detailed descriptions of the preferred embodiment are provided herein. It is to be understood, however, that the present invention may be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but rather as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to employ the present invention in virtually any appropriately detailed system, structure or manner.

Those well versed in the art will readily recognize that various electric powered drive systems are well known and that vehicles comprising an internal combustion engine with augmentation by such an electric powered drive system are also well known and are commonly referred to as “hybrids.”

The beneficial effects of hybridization, economic and ecological, real and theoretical, and realized and potential, are also well known. Further, the basic principles of operation, modes of operation, and methods of operation, of all the components of hybridized vehicles, both individually and as they are interfaced and integrated into a functional unit, are well known. Therefore, these particular aspects of the instant art are not, herein, recounted in rigorous detail.

It is well known that electric motors conventionally comprise a magnetized stationary element, the stator, and a magnetized rotating element, the rotor, with means to vary the polarity of said magnetism so that the attraction and/or repulsion of the magnetic poles of said magnets can be coordinated to cause the or rotor to rotate thus providing harnessable mechanical energy. It is also well known that if one of the magnetic elements is an electromagnet having wire coils, said elements may be coordinated to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy rather than to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy.

As is well known, communication between rotating wheels and a motor vehicle essentially universally involves a hub structure having a rotating part and a stationary part. Said hub structure may be referred to as a drum portion or element and may house a braking system, thus the said rotating part may comprise a brake drum and may be referred to as a brake drum. The hub structure also will generally comprise some arrangements of bearings.

The stationary part of the hub communicates with a stationary element extending from the vehicle frame, either a separate structure, such as an axle support or lower control-arm spindle or an integral extension of the frame itself. The hub structure is then fixed to said stationary element so that a wheel may be fixed to the hub structure rotating element.

If the wheel is propulsion driven, the hub structure will also comprise an element, often an axle, which transfers rotary force from the drive train to the rotating hub element and to the wheel. If the wheel is driven, the stationary element extending from the vehicle frame is generally a non-movable axle support for the rotating axle which is generally journaled therein. The whole of the wheel-vehicle communication structure may be referred to as a hub or spindle assembly.

Such structures and communications are known and understood by those well versed in the art; therefore, they are not, herein, described in detail. Neither do the drawing figures depict any particular existing structure and/or communication, but will depict elements having features and operating principles common to existing elements and which could function in the manner of existing elements.

The instant art provides installable elements which may communicate with factory installed elements of a conventional, internal combustion-driven motor vehicle. The installable elements include an electric hub-mounted wheel-motor or hub-mounted electric power generator, said communication not interfering with the function of any previously factory-installed elements.

These elements are removable. Selected embodiments require no modification, alteration, or sophistication of any motor vehicle factory installed element. Other embodiments have instant art elements and conventional, factory-installed elements integrally combined.

The word “rotor” is a term of art commonly used to refer to the movable part of an electric motor, and also to the disc portion of an automobile disc and caliper type brake system. As the term is employed in the instant specification and claims, the appropriate definition will be obvious from the context. Additional terms and separate component numbers added to distinguish the proper meaning should be evident.

First undertaking a broad overview to establish conceptual understanding of the herein taught invention, we refer to FIGS. 14 and 15 that can be used in generic reference to illustrate wheel components as most commonly fitted to the wheel of an automobile or small truck.

If the vehicle wheel is originally manufactured to be free-rotating, and not axle-driven, the wheel is mounted on a spindle assembly (134) comprised of a spindle/drum (165), having a rotating portion (137), a non-rotating portion (135), and associated mounting bolts (147). The spindle assembly (134) is mounted directly to the vehicle frame or, as in FIG. 40, a stationary connective element such as a lower control arm spindle (403).

Referring to FIG. 2, if the vehicle wheel is conventionally axle-driven, a rotating drive-axle (133) having a non-movable axle support (131) extends from the differential to the wheel. Here, the viewer can see the fixed axle housing or support (131) having a rotating drive-axle (1.33) extending there-through to communicate with the rotating hub-portion (137). The housing or support (131) is also seen to comprise a non-movable hub-plate (149) to which the non-rotating hub-portion (135) may be attached.

In FIGS. 14 and 15, the spindle assembly (134) is shown with drum brakes housed therein. However, if disk brakes are employed, the same physical principles apply, for with either type of braking system, a cylindrical volume is occupied by the rotating spindle assembly (134) which is central to much of the herein taught art. The wheel/tire (181) is attached to the spindle assembly (134) using the stud-bolts (139) extending from the spindle assembly (134). Lug nuts (140) secure them.

Continuing in broad overview, FIG. 9 shows a tire/wheel (181), spindle assembly (134) and plate-mounted-support pin (179), along with a rotor-plate (141) comprising a rotor (167), and a stator-plate (155) having a stator (169). The rotor (167) and stator (169) together form a DC brushless motor, integrated with the existing spindle assembly (134). The stator-plate (169) is mounted between the spindle assembly (134) and plate-mounted-support pin (179), and is held in place by the illustrated four mounting bolts/nuts (147).

The stator-plate (155), used for mounting the stator assembly does not affect the mechanical integrity of the suspension components. The rotor-plate (141) mounts on the stud-bolts (139) of the rotating hub-portion (137) and the tire/wheel assembly (181) is slid onto spindle assembly (134). Then, the lug nuts (not shown) are tightened in the usual manner. The only dimensional effect of the installation is that the wheel track width is widened slightly. The thickness of the rotor-plate (141) and the stator-plate (155) minimally increases the total wheel track width due to the addition of additional layers between the tire (181) and the vehicle frame. The increase is normally well within manufacturer tolerances.

Although C-shaped magnets (151) that appear frequently in the herein taught technology are presented as preferably ferromagnetic, non-ferromagnetic materials can also be used. Non-ferromagnetic material can provide an advantage in that, if the C-shaped (151) magnets are non-ferromagnetic there is little or no residual magnetic interaction between permanent magnets (145) and the C-shaped magnets (151) when the motor is not in operation. This minimizes unnecessary load on the primary internal combustion engine when the hybrid system is not in use, for instance when the hybrid batteries have reached a low charge state or the system is turned off.

FIGS. 12 and 13 show another view of the individual components and also a view with all four components assembled to create a DC brushless motor, configured, the rotor and stator thereof configured after the manner of a clamshell, the rotor (167) being shaped like a basket surrounding the spindle assembly (134), and the stator (169) resembling a lid for the basket.

Thus, in this “clamshell” configuration, the rotor (167) and stator (169) form an essentially closed case or basket. Thus configured, they can be opened from each other by simply removing the wheel (181) that they drive, one of the two components remaining in place with the spindle assembly (134), and the other portion free to be removed no longer being pressed between wheel (183) and the rotating portion (137) by the lug nuts.

When in operative disposition, the stator (169) and rotor (167) are an integral part of the wheel-vehicle communication assembly and make use of the existing axle, and spindle assembly (134). By integrating a stator (169) and rotor (167) into an existing spindle assembly (134), the added design, cost, and reliability issues created by the necessity of newly designed axles, bearings, and brakes inherent to other wheel hub motor applications is avoided.

Finally, continuing the conceptual overview, FIG. 11 shows a wheel (181) attached to a spindle assembly (134) for hybrid operation. The rotor (167) and stator (169) are integrated into the vehicle components in such a way as to be mechanically transparent when the DC brushless motor is not in operation. It adds slight weight, but little else.

Having completed this overview, the reader may begin more detailed examination by examining, now, FIG. 1. Here, is shown an electric drive system (110) augmenting an internal combustion drive system. The said electric drive system (110) comprises an electric motor (115) that drives a vehicle wheel (not shown), having a sensor-module (117) to detect electric motor (115) performance and electric motor (115) element disposition, a logic/control module (119), a battery (121), engine-load-level-sensor (129), engine-load-level-sensor-logic/control module interface (123), logic/control module-battery, cell, or other energy storage device interface (125), battery, cell, or other energy storage device-electric motor interface (127), and electric motor-logic/control module interface (128).

Looking now at FIG. 2, showing a hub-mounted wheel-motor (163), one sees a substantially annular wheel-support-hub (165) comprising a rotating portion (137) rotatably communicating with a non-rotating, hub-portion (135). Also, the rotating portion (137) comprises stud bolts (139) extending substantially perpendicularly from said rotating portion (137) and that the non-rotating hub-portion (135) comprises hub-bolts (147) extending substantially perpendicularly therefrom.

Attending again to FIG. 2, noted is a non-movable axle support (131) which those skilled in the automotive art will readily appreciate is attached to the body or frame of a vehicle. Also, extending through said axle support (131), is an axle (133) which extends through the non-rotating hub-portion (135) to communicate with the rotating hub-portion (137) in order to rotate said rotating hub-portion (137) of the wheel-support-hub (165). In addition, one may note that the non-movable axle support (131) comprises a non-movable hub-plate (149) having hub-plate-holes (171).

FIG. 2, FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, show a rotor (167) comprising a plate (141) having holes (143) and a plurality of rotor-arms (144) extending at a substantially perpendicular angle to the plane of the rotor-plate (141) with permanent magnets (145) disposed at the extremities of the rotor-arms (144) opposite the rotor-plate (141). Also, seen is that said permanent magnets (145) are disposed in an essentially annular array.

Attending now to FIG. 2, FIG. 6, and FIG. 7, one sees a stator (169) comprising a stator-plate (155) having holes (157), a central void (175) through which the non-movable axle support (131) and/or drive-axle (133) may pass, and stator-arms (159) extending substantially perpendicularly from the periphery of the stator-plate (155). Also noted is that the stator-arms (159) support a stator-ring (161) essentially parallel to the stator-plate (155), said stator-ring (161) comprising an aperture (177) through which the non-movable axle support (131) and/or drive-axle (133) may pass. Supported by the stator-ring (161) are electromagnets (151) having slots (153), said slots (153) oriented substantially perpendicularly to the stator-plate (155). Also, we note that said slots (153) are disposed in a substantially annular array.

Looking now at FIGS. 2A, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 one notes that the hub-bolts (147) align with the hub-plate-holes (171) and the stator-plate holes (157) and may be extended there-through so that a portion of said hub-bolts (147) may extend beyond the stator-plate (155). Now one may readily appreciate that a nut (not shown) may be engaged by the hub-bolts (147) to fix the stator (169), the non-movable hub-plate (149), and the non-rotating hub-portion (135) of the wheel-support-hub (165) in a functional disposition.

FIG. 8, shows that the stator-plate (155) may be configured so that said stator-plate (155) is disposed between the non-rotating hub-portion (135) and the non-movable hub-plate (149).

FIGS. 2A, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15, show that the rotor-plate holes (143) align with the stud bolts (139) so that the stud bolts (139) may extend through them and continue beyond the rotor-plate (141). Thus, one may readily appreciate that said extension would allow a wheel-rim and hub (183) mounting a tire (181), and having holes (192) corresponding to said stud bolts (139) to be mounted on the wheel-support-hub (165) with the rotor (167) held therebetween, the whole held fixed by nuts (not shown) engaging the stud-bolts (139). In addition, one notes in FIGS. 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15, that the means to facilitate the transfer of rotary motion to the wheel-support-hub (165) may comprise a plate-mounted-support pin (179).

Looking yet again at FIG. 2A, we note that diameter of the rotor-plate (141) is greater than both the diameter of the wheel-support-hub (165), the diameter of the non-movable hub-plate (149), and the diameter of the stator-plate (155) such that when the rotor (167), wheel-support-hub (165), non-movable axle support (131), and stator (169) communicate as previously described, the rotor-arms (144) will extend such that the rotor permanent magnets (145) disposed at the extremities of the rotor-arms (144) opposite the rotor-plate (141) will be oriented in the electromagnet slots (153).

Thus, is understood that when the rotating hub-portion (137) rotates, the rotor (167) will also rotate while the non-rotating hub-portion (135), the non-movable hub-plate (149), and the stator (169) will not rotate. Therefore, is also realized that when the rotor (167) rotates, the permanent magnets (145) will successively pass through each non-moving electromagnet slot (153).

In additionally sophisticated modes, the rotor (167) may comprise permanent magnet(s) of alternating polarity, and the stator (169) may comprise electromagnet(s) having phased and/or variable polarity. Further, the stator polarity may be controlled by a sensor and logic device responsive to position, power, velocity, and/or other factors. One product of such control can be an electromagnetic pull-in, then, push-out functional relationship between the non-rotating electromagnetic stator (169) and the permanent magnet rotating rotor (167). As a rotor-arm (144) approaches a stator-arm (159), the electromagnetic polarity of the stator-arm (159) it approaches pulls the rotor-arm (144) toward itself, while the electromagnetic polarity of the stator-arm (159) the rotor-arm (144) is just passing, pushes it away.

Now, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the rotor (167) and stator (169), disposed as previously described, comprising an electric motor (190) may be incorporated into sundry vehicle system designs already extant. We may additionally understand that construction of said electric motor (190) is accomplished by the integration of the rotor (167) and stator (169) with elements common to the preponderant portion of extant motor vehicles essentially without modification of or sophistication of any said elements.

Thus, by exploitation of the instant art, an electric motor for motive power may be added to most present vehicles and vehicle design without significant modification of or sophistication of any parts of these vehicles. And, by exploitation of the instant art, an electric motor for motive power may be added to most motor vehicles during the manufacture of said vehicles without the redesign or remanufacture of any elements comprising said vehicles.

Those skilled in the art will additionally recognize that the electric motor (190) taught by the instant art, when employed to hybridize a vehicle, may, occasionally also serve as an electric power source, whereby drag from the generation of electrical energy may be exploited to provide vehicle deceleration and braking, the functional shift from motor to generator and back again being executed by a sensor/logic/switching system, sundry of which are well known in the art. Thus, electricity produced thereby may be used to recharge a battery, cell, or other energy storage device carried aboard the vehicle.

Also, activation/deactivation of the system may be automated by employing sensor and logic systems to detect and respond to optimum conditions for bringing appropriate components of the system on-line and for taking the system off-line. Sensors that might be employed for such purposes include an electric motor/generator rotor position sensor, automobile brake light switch, organic cruise control, accelerometers, and other like sensors. Although not shown in the drawings, such components and functions are, by this addressed and taught, herein. Incorporation of input from such sensor systems as are already organic to the associated vehicle can produce significant savings in overall system cost and expense.

Further, it is particularly notable that the herein taught hub-mounted electric motor (163) may function, and produce considerable power, fitted with as little as only one stator-arm and electromagnet (151). This is a significant advantage with regard to implementation on a wide variety of rear wheel configurations.

In addition, those skilled in the art will also readily appreciate that while the components used to accomplish functional communication between a rotating element and an axle of a vehicle may vary significantly in appearance from those shown, the principles utilized to do so are essentially the same in substantially all instances. Namely, a non-rotating element of the motor (163) is attached to a non-rotating portion of a hub assembly (135), and a rotating element of the motor (163) is supported by a rotating portion of a hub assembly wheel-support-hub (137). Thus, we may understand that the instant art may be contrived to be employed in virtually any vehicle without departing from the previous showing and description.

The instant art has been described in communication with a hub or spindle assembly comprising a typical drum (211) having drum type brakes housed internally thereto. However, FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B show that the instant art may function comparably with a spindle assembly (134) having a disk type braking system. Seen in FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B is a typical drum (211) having a rotatable portion (137) and a non-rotating portion (135) communicating with a stator (169) as previously described.

Additionally, a rotor (167) is shown attached to each rotating hub-portion (137) by means of stud bolts (139) which pass through rotor-plate holes (143). Also seen in each said figure is an un-modified brake rotor disk (308) communicating with stud bolts (139) such that the rotor-plate (141) is pressed between the hub rotating portion (137) and the un-modified brake rotor/disk. Noted also is that in FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B, the rotor permanent magnets (145) communicate with the stator electromagnets (151) as previously described.

It is an object of the instant art to provide components of a hub-mounted wheel-motor (163) which communicate with but are not integral to elements of extant vehicle wheel-vehicle communication structures thusly requiring no modification of said extant structure elements. However, there may arise occasions when integrating an instant art component with a hub or spindle or assembly is advantageous.

In example, an automobile manufacturer might gain economic advandage by manufacturing a rotating hub-portion (137) having magnets affixed or a brake rotor/disk (308) having magnets embedded in a portion thereof as will be described in due course. Not having to fabricate two individual elements may optimize economy of labor and material without departing from a basic principle of the instant art, viz. a motor comprised of elements which disassemble or assemble as the hub or spindle assembly is disassembled or assembled and wherein motor elements have no separate supports or housings, but are supported and/or housed by elements of the spindle assembly (134).

Such a further variation of this basic design, involves, as described in detail below, a brake drum (211) wherein the exterior of the rotating portion (137) thereof comprises an annular ring (212) having an array of permanent magnets (212A). Alternatively, the brake drum (211) may have magnets (145) embedded around its exterior periphery (214). These are depicted in FIGS. 20-20B.

In another approach, if the vehicle braking system is disk brake type configured with a brake rotor/disk (308), the rotor/disk (308) may be made of a non-ferromagnetic material and have permanent magnets (212A) embedded therein. These are depicted in FIGS. 30-30C. The assembly holding the disc brake pads (314) is also somewhat modified from that of the other configurations

The advantage of this approach is that it makes additional space available for an electromagnet assembly comprising stator (301). The stator (301) wraps around up to 180 degrees of the rotor (308), thus allowing much more torque to be created. While the option of modifying the rotor/disk (308) and disc pad (314) adds complexity in the installation process, the ultimate mechanical simplicity and universal applicability are attractive.

Another variation, also described in detail, below, which is similar to the previously described clamshell configuration, employs an axial flux arrangement. These are depicted in FIGS. 40-40F. The difference between the two, both of which incorporate a clamshell configuration, is in the permanent magnet/electromagnet interaction geometry. In the former configuration the electromagnet (151) is shaped like the letter “C.” But in the latter (axial) configuration, the shape of the electromagnet (151) is more typical of a conventional electric motor design.

FIG. 20 shows a typical drum (211) that is found on many passenger vehicles and light trucks. The drum (211) material is essentially the same as that used by conventional automobile original equipment manufacturers.

It also shows a ferromagnetic ring (212) with permanent magnets (212A) integrated within the ring itself. This ring (212) slides over the drum (211) in an interference fit, thermal fit, or any other means of attachment, in example slot and key, splines, adhesive, etc. Alternatively, the drum (211) may be manufactured with the magnets (212A) already embedded into the outer drum. This configuration is illustrated in FIG. 20A.

FIG. 20B displays a stator (201) component. This stator (201) is bolted proximal to the drum (211) such that the stator-poles (209) are parallel to the exterior surfaces (212B) of the permanent magnets (212A). The stator-poles (209) extending from the base of the stator (201) are wound with electric motor wire (202) (here depicted on only one stator pole (209)) and function as electromagnets in what effectively comprises a D.C. brushless motor.

These wire-wound stator-poles (209) extruding from the stator (201), do not touch the permanent neodymium magnets (212) on the drum (211). The angular spacing of the permanent magnets (212) around the circumference of the drum (211) may be equal to the angular spacing of the wound stator-poles (209) or may vary.

Incorporation of suitable electronic controls to energize and de-energize the electromagnetic characteristic of the stator-poles (209) at the proper times relative to the rotation and position of the permanent magnets (212) constitutes the basic elements of a D.C. brushless electric motor. In this application the brake drum (211) serves as the rotor of the electric motor and the array of electromagnetic stator-poles (209) functions as the motor stator (201).

By properly controlling activation of the electromagnetic stator-poles (209) of the stator (201), with reference to the rotation and relative position of the rotor magnets (212), rotary motion of the brake drum rotor (211) may be induced or constrained. Thus, they may be used to drive a wheel, or to induce braking.

FIG. 30 shows an un-modified brake rotor/disk (308) as is typically used in the rear wheels of a car or small truck. In the present application, this rotor/disk (308) is made of a non-ferrous material like a non-magnetic metal alloy, ceramic material, or organic-based material such as carbon fiber or high temperature polymer.

FIG. 30A shows a series of round magnets (304) installed in holes (320) drilled in the non-magnetic rotor/disk (308) and the installation. The magnets (304), for the purposes of this illustration are of the permanently magnetized variety. As shown in FIG. 30D, the magnets (304) are positioned in the holes (320) such that the surfaces (304A) of each magnet (304) are below the surfaces of the two sides 308A and 308B of the rotor/disk (308) surrounding each hole (320). This ensures that the brake pad (314) does not touch or wear against the permanent magnets (304) when the brakes are engaged. Also, the edges (321) of the holes (320) holding the permanent magnets (304) are chamfered (322) to prevent wear on the brake disc-pads (314). The size of the swept area between the brake disc-pads (314) and brake rotor/disk (308) must be sufficient to create whatever braking force is necessary for a given application.

FIG. 30B shows the modified rotor/disk (308) with the permanent magnets (304) and the caliper (313) which holds and actuates the disc-pads (314) on both sides (308A), (308B), of the rotor/disk (308). Since the rotor/disk (308) can become hot in this application, if permanent magnets are employed they must be of a type that have good thermal stability.

FIG. 30C shows addition of a stator (301) which is an assembly that holds a series of electromagnets (309A) comprising stator-poles (309) with each electromagnet (309A) being formed in a “C” shape so it may be positioned to partially wrap around the rotor/disk (308) thus allowing each electromagnet (309A) to magnetically interact with the permanent magnets (304) on the rotor/disk (308).

The angular spacing of the electromagnets (309A) around the circumference of the stator (301) may be the same as the angular spacing of the permanent magnets (304) around the rotor/disk (308) or may vary. Thus, the array of electromagnets (309A), configured in this way, may be positioned such that faces of the stator-poles (309) “C” shaped electromagnets (309A) correspond to the locations of the permanent magnets. In this way, the multiple poles (309) of the stator (301) collectively form the poles of an electric motor.

Incorporation of suitable electronic controls to energize and de-energize the electromagnetic characteristic of the stator-poles (309) at the proper times relative to the rotation and position of the permanent magnets (312) constitutes the basic elements of a D.C. brushless electric motor. In this application the brake drum rotor (308) serves at the rotor of the electric motor and the array of electromagnet (309A) functions as the motor stator (301).

By properly controlling activation of the stator electromagnets (330) of the stator (301), with reference to the rotation and relative position of the rotor magnets (304), torque may be created, and thereby rotary motion of the rotor/disk (308) may be induced or constrained. Thus, they may be used to drive a wheel, or to induce braking.

It is, of course, also possible to cause such torque by varying the electromagnetism of BOTH the rotor/disk (308) and the stator (301), or by holding constant the magnetic force exerted by the stator (301) and varying only the magnetism of the rotor/disk (308).

FIG. 40 shows a typical automobile rear suspension assembly. This includes the drum (411), having a rotatable element (415) and a stationary element (416), the rotatable element (415) having studs (410), backing-plate (402), attached to the stationary element (416), lower control-arm spindle (403), and wheel-mounting-studs (410). A slip-on rotor (408), with mounting-holes (410A) is shown aligned for installation by sliding the mounting-holes (410A) over the studs (410). The stator (401) is not shown in this drawing.

FIG. 40A shows the rotor (408) fully seated on the drum (411) rotatable element (415) with the studs (410) slid through the holes (410A), and ready to be secured.

Referring to FIGS. 40B and 40C, we see that the rotor has magnets (404) mounted on the side of the rotor (408) face nearest the spindle arm (403). The rotor (408), is manufactured of preferably light-weight, and non-ferrous substance. Aircraft-grade aluminum or high-density polycarbonate are examples of appropriate materials for the rotor (408).

The magnets (404) used for the purpose of illustration, are of a permanently magnetic variety. As in FIG. 40F, the rotor may have an additional ring (412) by which magnetic flux from the magnets (404) is transmitted from portion to portion. This ring (412) is comprised of a ferromagnetic substance in sufficient proportion to carry the necessary flux around the circumference of the rotor (408).

FIG. 40 b through 40F show views and forms of the stator (401). The stator (401) is mounted on the back side of the backing-plate (402) of the drum (411), said backing plate (402) attached to the stationary element (416). The stator (401) may be bolted directly thereto as shown in FIG. 20B, FIG. 40B, and FIG. 40C. Alternatively, FIGS. 40D and 40E show that the stator (401) may be attached to the drum (411) stationary element (416) or backing-plate (402) thereof by means of mounting components comprising an adjusting sleeve (405) having a threaded bore (405A), mounting-head-bolts (406) having heads (406A) and threads (406B), the heads (406A) having threaded bores (406C), gap-adjusting-bolts (407) and connective bolts (407A).

FIG. 41 and FIG. 41A show the adjusting sleeve (405) and mounting-head-bolts (406). FIG. 41B and FIG. 41C show that the mounting-head-bolts (406), by means of threads (406B), communicate with opposite ends of the adjusting sleeve threaded bore (405A) so that the mounting-head-bolts (406) may be advanced into or withdrawn from the adjusting sleeve (405). Thusly, the distance between the mounting-head-bolt heads (406A) may be varied.

FIG. 42 and FIG. 42A show a stator (401), having stator pole (409), fixedly attached to the mounting-head-bolt head (406A) by gap-adjusting-bolt (407) being extended through the head threaded bore (406C) and into the stator (401). Also shown are adjusting sleeves (405) having mounting-head-bolts (406) communicating with the threaded bore (405A) at opposite ends thereof. Further, the mounting-head-bolt head (406A) opposite the head (406A) attached to the stator (401) is shown attached to the backing-plate (402) by means of connective bolt (407A) passing there-through and into the backing-plate (402). Further, if the backing-plate (402) is irregular and/or it is desirable to create additional clearance between the mounting components and the backing plate (402), a shim or washer (407B) may be disposed between the mounting-head-bolt head (406A) and the backing-plate (402).

Now, comparing FIG. 42 to FIG. 42A, one may understand that by varying the distance between the opposite mounting-head-bolt heads (406A), as previously described regarding FIGS. 41B and 41C, the distance of the stator pole (409) and the drum (411) may be varied in a plane essentially normal to the drum (411).

FIG. 42B and FIG. 42C, and comparison therebetween, show that by extending the gap-adjusting-bolt (407) through the mounting-head-bolt head (406) and the stator (401), the stator (401) may be forced away from the backing-plate (402) thusly moving the stator pole (409) relative the drum (411) essentially in a plane essentially parallel to the drum (411).

Thus, this configuration of mounting components allow the position of the stator (401) to be adjusted as to its mounting position on the backing-plate (402) so as to vary the alignment of the of the teeth-like stator-poles (409), which are fixed, with the corresponding rotor magnets (404) which may be stopped, or may be in motion. The gap-adjusting-bolts (407) permit the plane in which the stator (401) lies to be adjusted, also. The stator-poles (409) are aligned along the center line axis and in parallel with the rotor magnets (404) so that each stator pole is the same size and geometry as each rotor magnet. This configuration allows for the most efficient operation of the wheel hub motor.

Given that this stator (401) and rotor (408) comprise components of a D.C. brushless motor, by properly controlling activation of the electromagnetic poles of the stator (409), relative to the rotation and position of the rotor magnets (404), rotary motion of the rotor (408) may be induced or constrained. Thus, they may be used to drive a wheel, or to induce braking.

FIG. 40E shows the mounting hardware (405), (406), gap-adjusting-bolts, (407), connective bolts (407A) and stator (401) with the rotor (408) as reference. The stator-poles (409) and rotor magnets (404) are aligned to correspond with the desired rotor (408) rotation timing or synchronization. The mounting hardware, (405), (406), connective bolts (407A) and gap-adjusting bolts (407), are made from high-grade alloy, and configured so as to be adapted and installed on virtually any standard automobile.

The drawing of FIG. 40F, which also includes an un-modified brake, depicts an alternative detailed design of the rotor (408), in which the rotor (408) is comprised of a magnetic-flux-ferromagnetic-ring (412) that connects the rotor magnets (404), thus forming a magnetic circuit typical in motor design. In addition, a magnet-holding ring (412), similar in function to the permanent magnet pocket (420) holding permanent magnets (404), is shown in FIG. 40C. These differ from the permanent magnets (404) and stator-poles (409) of FIG. 40F in that those depicted in FIG. 40F are round instead of rectangular. The stator-poles (409) are arranged in conjunction with the rotor assembly (408), (412), (413), (404), and (304), thus forming a DC disk/rotor (308) and brake caliper (313).

While the invention has been described in connection with a preferred embodiment, it is not intended to limit the scope of the invention to the particular form set forth, but on the contrary, it is intended to cover such alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. 

1-59. (canceled)
 60. A retro-fitable motor-generator device, by installation of which an internal combustion propelled vehicle is converted to hybrid internal-combustion-electric propulsion, comprising; one or more rotors, comprising one or more rotors, arms; and one or more rotor permanent magnets; one or more stators, comprising one or more stator arms, one or one or more stator-rings or mounts, and one or more stator electromagnets; said stator and rotor comprising components of a direct current brushless motor; and one or more electrical energy storage devices; said motor-generator capable of being installed on a motor vehicle; and, said motor vehicle comprising one or more wheel assemblies; said rotor-arms extending radially from the rotor, and curved such that the arm portions most distal from the rotor are essentially parallel and extending in essentially the same direction, collectively forming a cage of an essentially basket-shape, the said most distal portion of each rotor-arm comprising a source of magnetic force; and, the rotor configured and oriented in a manner essentially forming a lid fitting the basket-shaped rotor, the said lid having a circumference, with rotor magnets disposed about the said circumference; installed integrally with a at least one pre-existing wheel assembly or wheel spindle of a motor vehicle, wherein the rotor is rigidly affixed to a portion of the wheel assembly or wheel spindle of the motor vehicle, and, wherein the rotor and stator are fastened in place by the same or similar mounts, bolts, nuts or other, or similar connective devices with which the wheel assembly or wheel spindle was originally equipped, whereby one or more wheel assemblies are converted to electrical motor-generators, whereby the said wheel assemblies may draw upon vehicle motion or momentum to generate electrical energy, whereby drag resulting from the said generation of electrical energy from said vehicle motion or momentum is exploited to cause vehicle deceleration or braking, wherein if the rotor comprises a series of two or more permanent magnets, the permanent magnets disposed such that each displays opposite polarity orientation to the other on either side, wherein the said stator comprises one or more electromagnets; said electromagnets having variable or phased polarity, wherein the said one or more stator electromagnet(s) are essentially configured to approximate the shape a Letter C, or the Romanesque letter U, so as to dispose each pole of any given stator magnate proximal to its opposite pole, wherein the said permanent magnets of the said rotor are so configured as to pass between both poles of the said one or more stator electromagnets; also comprising one or more rotor position sensors, the information from which is used to control polarity of the said stator electromagnets, wherein the said device also comprises a means of sensing, and, concurrently or alternatively, measuring, rotor rotation velocity, wherein the device also comprises a means of automated activation, control, and de-activation, of the said electrical motor, optimized according to pre-determined parameters to meet energy, and, alternatively or concurrently, energy savings requirements, and, so configured as to feed power to the electrical storage device when one or more of the said wheel assemblies are functioning as generators, and, to draw power from the electrical storage device when one or more of the said wheel assemblies are functioning as motors.
 61. A device as in claim 60, whereby one or more wheel assemblies of a vehicle are converted to electrical motors.
 62. A retro-fitable motor-generator device, by installation of which an internal combustion propelled vehicle is converted to hybrid internal-combustion-electric propulsion, said electric propulsion via a direct current; brushless motor said device comprising; one or more rotors, comprising one or more rotors, arms; and one or more rotor permanent magnets; one or more stators, comprising one or more stator arms, one or one or more stator-rings or mounts, and, one or more stator electromagnets and one or more batteries, cells, or other energy storage devices, said retro-fitable motor-generator device, capable of being installed on a vehicle, said vehicle comprising one or more wheel assemblies; wherein a brake disk is associated with at least one wheel assembly and comprises non-ferromagnetic material and a periphery having permanent magnets embedded or mounted in the vicinity of its periphery; or, wherein a brake drum is associated with at least one wheel assembly and comprises an exterior surface having permanent magnets mounted or embedded in the vicinity of its exterior surface; whereby one or more wheel assemblies are converted to electrical motors-generators, whereby one or more wheel assemblies may draw upon vehicle motion or momentum to generate electrical energy, whereby drag resulting from the said generation of electrical energy from said vehicle motion or momentum is exploited to cause vehicle deceleration or braking; and, wherein the said rotor comprises a series of two or more permanent magnets, said series organized such that each magnet's polarity is opposite that of the magnet immediately preceding or following it; wherein the said stator comprises one or more electromagnets; said electromagnets having variable or phased polarity; wherein the said one or more stator electromagnet(s) are essentially configured in the shape the letter C or the letter U, so as to dispose each pole of any given stator magnate proximal to its opposite pole; wherein the said permanent magnets of the said rotor are so configured as to pass between both poles of the said one or more stator electromagnet(s); wherein the said device also comprises one or more rotor position sensors, the information from which is used to govern polarity of the said electromagnets; wherein the said device also comprises a means of sensing, and, concurrently or alternatively, measuring, rotor rotation velocity; wherein the device also comprises a means of automated activation, control, and deactivation, of the said electrical motor, in response to demands of human or automated operator input, said automated activation, control, and deactivation, optimized according to pre-determined parameters, to meet energy, and, alternatively or concurrently, energy savings requirements; said rotor-arms extending radially from the rotor, and curved such that the arm portions most distal from the rotor are essentially parallel and extending in essentially the same direction, collectively forming a cage of an essentially basket-shape; the said most distal portion of each rotor-arm comprising a source of magnetic force; and the stator configured and oriented in a manner essentially forming a lid fitting the basket-shaped rotor, the said lid having a circumference, with stator magnets disposed about the said circumference, installed integrally with a pre-existing wheel assembly or wheel spindle of a motor vehicle, wherein each stator is mounted proximal a brake drum or disk, of the said wheel; wherein the rotor is rigidly affixed to the associate wheel portion of the motor vehicle, and, wherein the rotor and stator are fastened in place by the same or similar mounts, bolts, nuts or other, or similar connective devices with which the associated wheel assembly was originally equipped; wherein the C-shaped or U-shaped magnets comprise non-ferromagnetic electromagnets; and, wherein the electric motor is activated, regulated, and deactivated, by an automated electronic, engine control logic device, and is in communications with an electrical energy source, or electrical energy storage device; and, wherein the said stator comprises one or more electromagnets; said electromagnets having variable polarity, or phased polarity.
 63. A device as in claim 60, whereby one or more wheel assemblies are converted to electrical energy generators.
 64. A device as in claim 60, 61, or 62, wherein the said stator comprises one or more electromagnets; said electromagnets having variable or phased polarity, wherein the said one or more stator electromagnet(s) are essentially configured in the shape the Roman letter C or the Romanesque letter U, in such a way that each pole of any given stator magnate is disposed proximal to its opposite pole; and, in which the one or more C-shaped stator magnets comprise non-ferromagnetic electromagnets.
 65. A device as in claim 60, or 62, in which the one or more C-shaped stator magnets comprise ferromagnetic electromagnets.
 66. A device as in claim 60, or 62, in which the one or more C-shaped stator magnets comprise ferromagnetic electromagnets.
 67. A device described in claim 60, or 62, in which the electric motor is activated and regulated by an electronic control device, and is in electrical communication with an electrical energy storage device or electrical energy production device.
 68. A device as in claim 60, wherein each stator electromagnet has, when activated at a given moment, a north pole and a south pole, and, wherein the said one or more electromagnet(s) comprised by the stator are essentially configured in the shape the letter C in such a way as to dispose the north and south poles of any given stator magnet proximal to its opposite pole on the same magnet, so configured that as the rotor rotates, relative to the stator, the said permanent magnets of the said rotor pass between both the north and south poles of each said stator electromagnet.
 69. A device as described in claim 60, 61, or 62, whereby, by judiciously controlling sequencing of activation of the electromagnetic stator-poles of the stator, with reference to the rotation and relative position of the rotor magnets, rotary motion of the combination brake drum and motor rotor may be induced or constrained.
 70. A device as in claim 60, 61, or 62, wherein torque is generated by varying the electromagnetism of either, or, both, the rotor and the stator.
 71. A device as in claim 60, 61, or 62, wherein torque is generated holding by the magnetic force exerted by the stator remaining constant, and manipulated the magnetism of the rotor.
 72. A device as in claim 60, 61, or 62, said device also comprising mounting components and adjusting devices, so configured as to allow the position of the stator to be adjusted in such a way as to vary the orientation of the stator-poles, relative to the corresponding rotor magnets.
 73. A device as in claim 60, 61, or 62, wherein the rotor is comprised of a magnetic-flux-ferromagnetic-ring that in communication with the rotor magnets, thus forming a magnetic circuit.
 74. A device as in claim 60, 61, or 62, whereby, by judiciously controlling sequencing/activation of the electromagnetic stator-poles of the stator, with reference to the rotation and relative position of the rotor magnets, rotary motion of the brake drum rotor may be induced or constrained.
 75. A device as in claim 60, 61, 62, or whereby, by judiciously controlling sequencing/activation of the electromagnetic stator-poles of the stator, with reference to the rotation and relative position of the rotor magnets, rotary motion of the brake drum rotor may be induced or constrained, and, wherein control of sequencing/activation of the electromagnetic stator-poles is accomplished by an automated, electronic, engine control logic device.
 76. Conversion of an internal-combustion powered vehicle to a hybrid electric-internal-combustion vehicle by installation of the device of claim 60, 61, or
 62. 77. An internal-combustion powered vehicle converted to a hybrid electric-internal-combustion vehicle by means of the device of claim 60, 61, or
 62. 78. An electric motor device, by installation of which, a motor-vehicle can be configured in such a way as to be capable of employing electric propulsion, said device comprising; one or more rotors, comprising, a rotor center-of-rotatation, one or more rotor-surfaces, one or more rotor-magnets; one or more stators, comprising, one or more stator-magnets; said motor-vehicle comprising one or more rotating wheel assemblies with one or more wheels, or other support or traction components, a wheel of each said wheel assembly or other support or traction component, having a plane of rotation. and, said stator affixed by direct or indirect communication with a suspension, chassis, or other component, of said motor-vehicle; and, said one or more rotor-surfaces initially extending, essentially radially from the rotor center-of-rotation, said rotor-surfaces further extending toward a second plane that is parallel to said plane of rotation, continuing to extend until achieving an orientation that is acute, obtuse, or normal to, said plane of rotation, such that said rotor-surfaces are disposed in such a way as to conform to an essentially basket-shape or bowl-shape, that portion of said rotor-surfaces distal from the rotor center-of-rotation comprising one or more said rotor-magnets; said stator configured and oriented in said second plane such that, when said rotor rotates, said rotor-magnets pass proximal to the one or more stator-magnets.
 79. An electric motor-generator device, by installation of which a motor-vehicle can be configured in such a way as to be capable of employing electric propulsion, said device comprising; one or more rotors, comprising, a rotor center-of-rotation, one or more rotor surfaces, one or more rotor-magnets; one or more stators, comprising, one or more stator-magnets; said motor-vehicle comprising one or more wheel assemblies with one or more wheels, or other support or traction components, upon or within which components of said device are installed, a wheel of each said wheel assembly, or other support or traction component, having a plane of rotation; said stator affixed by direct or indirect communication with a suspension, chassis, or other component, of said motor-vehicle; said one or more rotor-surfaces initially extending, essentially radially from the rotor center-of-rotation, said rotor-surfaces further extending toward a second plane that is parallel to said plane of rotation, continuing to extend until achieving an orientation that is acute, obtuse, or normal to, said plane of rotation, such that said rotor-surfaces are disposed in such a way as to conform to an essentially basket-shape or bowl-shape, that portion of said rotor-surfaces distal from the rotor center-of-rotation comprising one or more said rotor-magnets; said stator configured and oriented in said second plane, such that, when said rotor rotates, said one or more rotor-magnets pass proximal to the one or more stator-magnets; one or more of the stator-magnet(s) formed in essentially the shape of an English letter C or an English letter U, the tips of each letter-shaped magnet forming magnetic poles in such a way as to dispose each pole of any given stator-magnet proximal to its opposite pole, said stator-magnets comprising poles so oriented, and said rotor so configured, that said one or more rotor-magnets pass between both poles of one or more stator-magnets.
 80. An electric motor device, by installation of which, a vehicle can be configured in such a way as to be capable of employing electric propulsion, said device comprising; one or more rotors, comprising, a rotor center-of-rotation, one or more rotor surfaces, one or more rotor-magnets; one or more stators, comprising, one or more stator-magnets; said motor-vehicle comprising one or more wheel assemblies with one or more wheels, or other support or traction components, upon or within which components of said device are installed, a wheel of each said wheel assembly or other support or traction component, having a plane of rotation, and, said stator-mounting affixed by direct or indirect communication with a suspension, chassis, or other component, of said motor-vehicle; said vehicle also comprising a brake drum associated with at least one wheel assembly, or other support or traction component, said brake drum comprising an exterior surface having rotor-magnets mounted or embedded in the vicinity of said exterior surface; said vehicle also comprising stator-mounting means, said stator-mounting means, so configured as to allow said stator to be fixed in operative position by mounts, bolts, nuts or other connective devices with which the wheel assembly, or other support or traction component, were originally designed, or previously configured, to be equipped, said stator configured and oriented such that, when said rotor is in rotation, said rotor-magnets pass proximal to the one or more stator-magnets, said stator, and stator-mounting means, so contrived as to be compatible with pre-existing components of said motor-vehicle.
 81. An electric motor device, by installation of which, a vehicle can be configured in such a way as to be capable of employing electric propulsion, said device comprising; one or more rotors, comprising, a rotor center-of-rotation, one or more rotor surfaces, one or more rotor-magnets; one or more stators, comprising, one or more stator-magnets; said motor-vehicle comprising one or more wheel assemblies with one or more wheels, or other support or traction components, upon or within which components of said device are installed, a wheel of each said wheel assembly or other support or traction component, having a plane of rotation, and, said stator-mounting affixed by direct or indirect communication with a suspension, chassis, or other component, of said motor-vehicle; said vehicle also comprising a brake disk associated with at least one wheel assembly, or other support or traction component, said brake disc comprising non-ferromagnetic material, and a periphery having rotor-magnets embedded or mounted in the vicinity of its periphery, said vehicle also comprising stator-mounting means, said stator-mounting means, so configured as to allow said stator to be fixed in operative position by mounts, bolts, nuts or other connective devices with which the wheel assembly, or other support or traction component, were originally designed, or previously configured, to be equipped, said stator configured and oriented such that, when said rotor is in rotation, said rotor-magnets pass proximal to the one or more stator-magnets, said stator, and stator-mounting means, so contrived as to be compatible with pre-existing components of said motor-vehicle.
 82. An electric motor-generator device, by installation of which a motor-vehicle can be configured in such a way as to be capable of employing electric propulsion, said device comprising; one or more rotors, comprising, a rotor center-of-rotation, one or more rotor-surfaces one or more rotor-magnets; one or more stators, comprising, one or more stator-magnets; said motor-vehicle comprising one or more wheel assemblies with one or more wheels, or other support or traction components, upon or within which components of said device are installed, a wheel of each said wheel assembly, or other support or traction component, having a plane of rotation; said stator affixed by direct or indirect communication with a suspension, chassis, or other component, of said motor-vehicle; said one or more rotor-surfaces initially extending, essentially radially from the rotor center-of-rotation, said rotor-surfaces further extending toward a second plane that is parallel to said plane of rotation, continuing to extend until achieving an orientation that is acute, obtuse, or normal to, said plane of rotation, such that said rotor-surfaces are disposed in such a way as to conform to an essentially basket-shape or bowl-shape, that portion of said rotor-surfaces distal from the rotor center-of-rotation comprising one or more said rotor-magnets; said stator configured and oriented in said second plane, such that, when said rotor rotates, said one or more rotor-magnets pass proximal to the one or more stator-magnets; one or more of the stator-magnet(s) formed in essentially the shape of an English letter C or an English letter U, the tips of each letter-shaped magnet forming magnetic poles in such a way as to dispose each pole of any given stator-magnet proximal to its opposite pole, said stator-magnets comprising poles so oriented, and said rotor so configured, that said one or more rotor-magnets pass between both poles of one or more stator-magnets; said device so configured that, when the rotor comprises a plurality of rotor-magnets, the rotor-magnets are disposed such that each possesses opposite polarity orientation to a rotor-magnet located immediately adjacent to it; said device so configured that, when said stator comprises two or more stator-magnets, one or more of the stator-magnets can be activated or deactivated, or one or more of the stator-magnets can have its polarity or magnetic field strength adjusted or reversed; said device also comprising one or more rotor rotational position, or velocity, sensors, the rotor rotational position, or velocity, sensed by which is used to control polarity of said stator-magnets; said device also comprising a means of automated activation, control, and de-activation, of said electrical motor-generator, optimized according to pre-determined parameters to meet energy demands, and, alternatively or concurrently, to meet energy savings requirements; said device also comprising one or more electrical energy storage apparatuses; and, said device comprising means whereby said wheel assemblies with one or more wheels, or other support or traction components, can draw upon vehicle motion or, alternatively or concurrently, momentum, to generate electrical energy via the said rotor and stator; said device comprising means whereby drag resulting from said generation of electrical energy from said vehicle motion or, alternatively or concurrently, momentum, can be exploited to cause deceleration or braking via said rotor and stator; so configured as to feed power to the electrical energy storage apparatus when one or more of said wheel assemblies with one or more wheels, or other support or traction components, are functioning as generators, and, so configured as to draw power from the electrical energy storage apparatus when one or more of said wheel assemblies with one or more wheels, or other support or traction components, are functioning as motors.
 83. A retro-fittable electric motor-generator device, by installation of which a motor-vehicle can be configured in such a way as to be capable of employing electric propulsion, said device comprising; one or more rotors, comprising; a rotor-mounting means, a rotor center-of-rotation, one or more rotor-surfaces, one or more rotor-magnets; one or more stators, comprising, one or more stator-mounting means, one or more stator-magnets; said motor-vehicle configured with front-wheel-drive, and said device installed within or upon one or more motor-vehicle front drive-wheel assemblies having one or more wheels, a wheel of each said drive-wheel assembly, or other support or traction component, having a plane of rotation, said rotor, and rotor-mounting means, so contrived as to be compatible with a pre-existing wheel assembly, or other support or traction component of said motor-vehicle, said stator, and stator-mounting means, so contrived as to be compatible with pre-existing components of said motor-vehicle, said stator affixed by direct or indirect communication with a suspension, chassis, or other component, of said motor-vehicle; said one or more rotor-surfaces initially extending, essentially radially from the rotor center-of-rotation, said rotor-surfaces further extending toward a second plane that is parallel to said plane of rotation, continuing to extend until achieving an orientation that is acute, obtuse, or normal to, said plane of rotation, such that said rotor-surfaces are disposed in such a way as to conform to an essentially basket-shape or bowl-shape, that portion of said rotor-surfaces distal from the rotor center-of-rotation comprising one or more said rotor-magnets; said stator configured and oriented in said second plane, such that, when said rotor rotates, said one or more rotor-magnets pass proximal to the one or more stator-magnets; said device comprising means whereby said wheel assemblies with one or more wheels, or other support or traction components, can draw upon vehicle motion or, alternatively or concurrently, momentum, to generate electrical energy via the said rotor and stator; paid device comprising means whereby drag resulting from said generation of electrical energy from said vehicle motion or, alternatively or concurrently, momentum, can be exploited to cause deceleration or braking via said rotor and stator; said device so configured that, when the rotor comprises a plurality of rotor-magnets, the rotor-magnets are disposed such that each possesses opposite polarity orientation to a rotor-magnet located immediately adjacent to it; said device so configured that, when said stator comprises two or more stator-magnets, one or more of the stator-magnets can be activated or deactivated, or each magnet can have its polarity or magnetic field strength adjusted or reversed; one or more of the stator-magnet(s) formed in essentially the shape of an English letter C or an English letter U, the tips of each letter-shaped magnet forming magnetic poles in such a way as to dispose each pole of any given stator-magnet proximal to its opposite pole, said stator-magnets comprising poles so oriented, and said rotor so configured, that said one or more rotor-magnets pass between both poles of one or more stator-magnets; said device also comprising a control logic unit, and, one or more rotor rotational position, or velocity, sensors, the rotor rotational position, or velocity, sensed by which is used as reference by the control logic unit to control polarity of said stator-magnets; said device also comprising a means of automated activation, control, and de-activation, of said electrical motor-generator, optimized according to pre-determined parameters to meet energy demands, and, alternatively or concurrently, to meet energy savings requirements; said device also comprising one or more electrical energy storage apparatuses, and so configured as to feed power to the electrical energy storage apparatus when one or more of said wheel assemblies with one or more wheels, or other support or traction components, are functioning as generators, and, so configured as to draw power from the electrical energy storage apparatus when one or more of said wheel assemblies with one or more wheels, or other support or traction components, are functioning as motors.
 84. A device as in claim 78, or 81, wherein one or more of the stator-magnet(s) are formed in essentially the shape of an English letter C or an English letter U, the tips of each letter-shaped magnet forming magnetic poles in such a way as to dispose each pole of any given stator-magnet proximal to its opposite pole, said stator-magnets comprising poles so oriented, and said rotor so configured, that said one or more rotor-magnets pass between both poles of one or more stator-magnets.
 85. A device as in claim 78, 79, 81, 82, or 83, wherein said stator configured and oriented in a manner as to essentially conform to a shape of a basket-lid, or bowl-lid, said basket-lid shape, or bowl-lid shape, corresponding to and fitting the basket-shape or bowl-shape of said rotor, said basket-lid-shape or bowl-lid-shape, having a circumference, and said basket-lid shape, or bowl-lid shape so oriented that said rotor-magnets are disposed about and proximal the said circumference.
 86. A device as in claim 60, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, or 83, said device also comprising a brake-drum, said brake-drum comprising an exterior portion, said exterior portion comprising an annular ring of ferro-magnetic substance, equipped with an array of permanent magnets.
 87. A device as in claim 60, 62, 78, 79, 80, 82, or 83 wherein the rotor also comprises a magnetic-flux-ferromagnetic-ring that, in communication with said rotor-magnets, forms a magnetic circuit.
 88. A device as in claim 60, 62, 78, 79, 82, or 83, also comprising rotor-mounting means, and stator-mounting means, said rotor-mounting means and, alternatively or concurrently, said stator-mounting means, so configured as to allow each to be fixed in operative position by mounts, bolts, nuts or other connective devices with which the wheel assembly, or other support or traction component, were originally designed, or previously configured, to be equipped.
 89. A device as in claim 60, 62, 80, or 81, also comprising stator-mounting means, said stator-mounting means, so configured as to allow each to be fixed in operative position by mounts, bolts, nuts or other connective devices with which the wheel assembly, or other support or traction component, were originally designed, or previously configured, to be equipped.
 90. A device as in claim 60, 62, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, or 83, also comprising rotor and rotor-mounting means, and stator and stator-mounting means, and said rotor, and rotor-mounting means; and, alternatively or concurrently said stator and stator-mounting means, so contrived as to be compatible with pre-existing components of said motor-vehicle.
 91. A device as in claim 80, or 81, also comprising rotor and rotor-mounting means, and stator and stator-mounting means, and said rotor, and rotor-mounting means, and, alternatively or concurrently said stator and stator-mounting means, so contrived as to be compatible with pre-existing components of said motor-vehicle.
 92. A device as in claim 78, 79, or 82, so configured as to be capable of being retro-fitted on previously designed or extant said motor-vehicles.
 93. A device as in claim 78, 80, or 81, also comprising means whereby said wheel assemblies with one or more wheels, or other support or traction components, can draw upon vehicle motion or, alternatively or concurrently, momentum, to generate electrical energy via the said rotor and stator; said device comprising means whereby drag resulting from said generation of electrical energy from said vehicle motion or, alternatively or concurrently, momentum, can be exploited to cause deceleration or braking via said rotor and stator.
 94. A device as in claim 78, 80, or 81, said device so configured that, when the rotor comprises a plurality of rotor-magnets, the rotor-magnets are disposed such that each possesses opposite polarity orientation to a rotor-magnet located immediately adjacent to it; or, concurrently, or alternatively, said device so configured that, when said stator comprises two or more stator-magnets, one or more of the stator-magnets can be activated or deactivated, or one or more of the stator-magnets can have its polarity or magnetic field strength adjusted or reversed; or, concurrently, or alternatively, each magnet has, is configured with, or is activated with, phased polarity, relative to an adjacent stator-magnet.
 95. A device as in claim 60, 62, 78, 80, or 81, also comprising a control logic unit, and, one or more rotor rotational position, or velocity, sensors, the rotor rotational position, or velocity, sensed by which is used as reference by the control logic unit to control polarity of said stator-magnets; said device also comprising a means of automated, optimized according to pre-determined parameters to meet energy demands, and, alternatively or concurrently, to meet energy savings requirements; said device also comprising one or more electrical energy storage apparatuses, so configured as to feed power to the electrical energy storage apparatus when one or more of said wheel assemblies with one or more wheels, or other support or traction components, are functioning as generators, and, so configured as to draw power from the electrical energy storage apparatus when one or more of said wheel assemblies with one or more wheels, or other support or traction components, are functioning as motors.
 96. A device as in claim 78, 80, or 81, also comprising a means of automated activation, control, and deactivation, of the said electrical motor, in response to demands of human operator, or automated input, said automated activation, control, and deactivation, optimized according to pre-determined parameters.
 97. A device as in claim 60, 62, 78, 79, 80, or 82, wherein said vehicle is configured with one or more front-wheel-drive wheel assemblies, and, said device is installed within or upon said one or more vehicle front drive-wheel wheel assemblies.
 98. A vehicle that employs electric propulsion by means of a device as described in claim 60, 62, 78, 79, 80, 82, or
 83. 99. A device as in claim 60, wherein each stator electromagnet has, when activated at a given moment, a north pole and a south pole; and, wherein the said stator comprises one or more electromagnets; said electromagnets having variable polarity, or phased polarity; and, wherein the said one or more electromagnet(s) comprised by the stator are essentially configured in the shape the letter C or the letter U, in such a way as to dispose the north and south poles of any given stator magnet proximal to its opposite pole on the same magnet; said device configured such that, the rotor is capable of rotating, relative to the stator, and, as the rotor rotates, relative to the stator, the said permanent magnets of the said rotor pass between both the north and south poles of each said stator electromagnet.
 100. A vehicle enabled, by means of the device described in claim 60, 61, 62, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, or 83, to employ electric drive propulsion. 